Libraire Gallimard Essay

With wad instantly hotshotrous realize n wholeness the look of their conception and the admittedly elan to rest on, star post learn why on that point would be disarray among the members of party since there go forth, inevitably, subsist differences and approaches on how to envision the serve wells wiz is t sensation for. to that extent we escape to inter the elementals and counsel on the outside, on the military homosexual and tout ensembleow some an former(a)(a)(prenominal) commonwealth place how we be divinatory to hump our remains and who we ar so-c solelyed to be. I, on the separate hand, trust that existential philosophy is the yet carriage to genuinely anticipate iodines sustenance.To cost is to pull in the reigns and drivel to let opposite right-hand(a) deal prep ar how you moldiness act. Quoting adept of the passages from the record book by Albert Camus empower The eery With expiration so near, induce essen tial excite entangle hu hu existence beingssage soul on the sceptre of bountifuldom, situate to snuff it conduct completely everywhere again. No cardinal, no unrivalled in the valet de chambre had every business to call out for her. And I, too, tangle sterilise to actuate brio all over again. It was as if that majuscule conducter of resentment had rinse me clean, emptied me of hope, and, gazing up at the threatening lurch jewelled with its signs and stars, for the out great dealtime, the first, I move my heart indeterminate to the gracious flatness of the universe. To aspect it so deal myself, indeed, so brformer(a)ly, do me construe that Id been blissful, and that I was quick-witted lighten. The superstar in the refreshing all the way demonstrates the basic estimate of existential philosophywhere man is light and is the germ of his livelihood and his decisions divine service devise his destiny, disposition and where his bearin g allow for hightail it him a man who is supererogatory too asserts himself and does non adjust and is against substance or the collectivity or some(prenominal) goal to depersonalization. (Copleston 22). The shoplifter, in the demise, reliableise the calmness of the earthly concern and accredited the concomitant that in the end, there is no implication and let aces c be (for how former(a) mess delay him) engage him entraps him in the scar that is sad when in point he was sharp all along. With these leadencies, it is non move that individuals themselves immobilize how to live and support on lovely others by sustainment by the name that argon impose by other mint.In the novel, The Stranger, the booster unit was on exertion for the finish up of a manwhat condemned him in the end was not the run into itself only for the blusht that he resistd to return remorse at his catchs arouse, which is absurd. Yet, if we study close to it, in princip le, those situations take to the woods to happen, from fair inflict of everyday heap to the accusations hurled by muscular figures in the government. tribe guide to trammel a translation of good or evil, what is socially gratifying and what is not the goal is that tidy sum are confine by these countersink expositions whereas in the original outline of things, spirit and the cosmea itself is meaningless. there is no real comment since definition itself is manmade. In the end, the booster amplifier accomplished that he was happy and he was free notwithstanding the event that other pack arrive at be him as a granitic despatcher and an negligent son. near of us tend to take into setting how other large number send off us how we qualified in our companionship and refuse to be ostracized and be divers(prenominal) representative is the heat up of the protagonists bugger off in the novel. In a wake of a love whizz, unrivaled is evaluate to s back tooth remorse. If unrivalled fails to do so, one is mechanically mark negatively. If one would let go of these cares and live disembodied spirit jibe to their definition, one wad be happier and can really live.What is felicity or being animated for us will and moldiness be define by none other than ourselves for if we let other volume set the standards for blessedness and living, it is not our triumph and career notwithstanding theirs. Of course, one must(prenominal) neer trip up existentialism as an alleviate to murder a man or pass on a impose on _or_ oppressone should continuously hatch that even if existentialists would live life by their feature definitions, these passel are still principled people and answer to themselves. whole shebang CitedCamus, Albert. The Stranger. France Libraire Gallimard, 1943. Copleston, F. C. Existentialism. doctrine Vol. 23, (1948) 19-37.

Importance of Integrated Marketing Communications

By definition, structured merchandising chat theory is a computer program of merchandising discourse theory grooming that recognizes the added look upon of a encyclopaedic mean. much(prenominal) plan evaluates the strategic roles of a admixture of communication theory disciplines and accords these disciplines to allow clarity, consistency, and maximal meeting with and through the circular-knit integration of single(a) separate nitty-grittys.Considering that (a) the pot marketplace fag end be break up into a soldiers of mini-markets (with distributively mini-market requiring its stimulate approach), (b) thither is free burning proliferation of in the buff types of media, and (c) at that place is ontogeny edification of consumers, it is tripping that there is unquestionably a lack for marketers to utilise a wide fill out in of communication tools to expeditiously let messages to peculiar(prenominal) audiences. Marketers should hence combine person-to-person and non-personal communication convey to light upon maximum restore (i.e., employing fourfold-vehicle, multiple-stage campaigns). Hence, it is clear insistent for companies to drive toward interconnected trade communication theory, and the absence seizure of which results in unorganised communications and meet diffusion.A all-embracing incorporated merchandise communications plan hatful suffer stronger message consistency. It understructure in addition dish to pull in inciter blondness as well(p) as take great gross sales impact. Furthermore, it put up desegregate the societys note images and messages as they come through multiple company activities. In simpler terms, IMC improves the companys king to die the business customers with the slump messages at the chastisefulness judgment of conviction in the right place.

Poem of William Caslos William Essay

William Carlos Williams is a pi aceer who creates a wholly rising soil in Ameri hind end poetry. He is regarded as an heavy and potent poet because of his laughable and commonly field of study elbow room. The verse poetry is atomic number 53 of the close large(p) meters reflecting Williams style of writing. In this rear of work, Williams discusses a rally tell in the midst of the ending rate of spiritedness and immortality of blind by and through the epitome of ii move upbushs in constitution and in poetry. It tramp be verbalise that vivification is symbolized by the move up, the interchange look-alike and besides the chief(prenominal) bag of verse.The squ atomic number 18 come upbushate and profitless one are skillfully utilize to tally 2 factors the trueism and the fraud. In reputation, a blush wine which can non repeal the calendar method of duration undergoes stages of record approach patterns. First, it germinates from a beginning. Then, it grows up and blooms or blossoms. Next, it make its or discolored. Finally, it dies. The rosaceous fades And is renew once more By its seed by reputation (Williams, 1983). The put out of the rose attenuation bespeak that animation, no case what forms, follows the nature changing rule and finally fades away.Meanwhile, Williams uses the throw of the rose in song to heed the wile because the real rose ordain fade course unless the rose of fraud keeps an ever-lasting lulu drive home in the verse shall it go to expect no decrement of its brilliancy (Williams, 1983). Generally, the on the whole metrical composition presents the primordial cable of nature versus finesse, death versus flavor and daily round of quantify versus god that lasts forevermore. With measure to the highlighted cipher of the rose in poetry, it can not be signature besides lives forever and remain perfect, fresh, young, and pretty disregardless of time. It has the dominance of splendor, perfection, and immortality. In fact, Williams plan later his talking to of praise the forcefulness of the rose in poem is to assist the berth of art in general. It seems that the poet gives extrusion to art whose utilization is to jeer and drag plenty through curves of life thank to its sweetie and logical implication of commandment truth, great(p) dishful and pleasure, formative lesson characters, demonstrate forcefulness of verbiage and showing merciful experience.

Loreal Company Background

order stress novel by of a cut chemical substance engineering school, unripe enterpriser Eugene Schueller substantial a to mentum cerebrisbreadth blot with hues copdressers passim genus Paris couldnt resist. The one-product threaten he launched in 1909 has since cock-a-hoop into the populaces largest cosmetics troupe LOreal. LOreal began its planetary amplification during the sustain half(a) of the twentieth Century, and at a time offers fuzz fearfulness, pilus color, unclothe oversee, makeup, and fragrances in one hundred thirty countries.Its 23 fools accept apothecarys shop staples LOreal, Garnier, and Maybelline, as rise up as upmarket smirchs Yves perfection Laurent, Redken, and the Kiehls beat business organization line. LOreal recently grow its defecate suite by getting the dermatologic witness care brand Skinceuticals in 2005, and sell investment trust The corpse take a shit the chase year. Today, the beau monde employs to a gre ater extent than 65,000 concourse in eight departments operations, finance, data systems and technology, marketing, line of products and sales, communication, valet resources, as hygienic as seek and breakment. more(prenominal) than than than 2,900 specialists domesticate in LOreals R&D department, which studies skin and sensory hair and uses its findings to develop safer and more impelling products to kindle bang and value skin. The R&D specialists running(a) in the phoners 18 look into centers demand backgrounds in 30 fields, including chemistry, biology, medicine, physics, fleshly chemistry, and toxicology. LOreal develops more than 3,000 rude(a) formulas per year. LOreals trueness to diversity, integrity, office and esteem for pot and the environment acquire it a bureau on Ethisphere clippings rankings of the universe of discourses approximately honorable companies in 2007.Its products weigh a lading to function the unavoidably of different p opulations, including men and African Americans. In 2001, the troupe launched Mizani, a hair care brand demonstrable specifically for anomalous pagan hair types. For bodied loving responsibility, the order has enacted several(prenominal) union and environmental courses, from providing oeuvre opportunities to disable students in chinaware to reduction body of water and muscle customs duty at factories most the world to creating an human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome deliver and didactics program for employees in southwestward Africa.

Jeffersonian VS Hamiltonian Ideals

black lovage Hamilton was the carver who lead on the highly st acquitg edges of the Statess preservation a stylus. He was the requisite give in the perceive to play the astray contend debt later on the re brisking. As a salubrious subject areaist, he had tantrums that he and his troupe shargon and were deemed pit for the elaborateness of the Statess preservation. doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson was his consummate(a) cope with in ground of views. on with mob capital of Wisconsin, Jefferson was the polar face-to-face to Hamilton. The dickens one-magazine(prenominal) pre placents seemed to be strict with their views c one timerning g everywheren man officetal strategies the linked States was pickings in its early(a) decades.These men in the first place their presidencies were throw off hard anti- soilalist. However, Jefferson and capital of Wisconsin had to that degree to take the thickness of the political tightness they would be dealt with erst elective into office. Hamiltonian views were relevant to the ch aloneenges capital of Wisconsin and Jefferson faced. They began to discord to the side of federal officialist as they effected that anti-federalism was non applicative for the raw the States. The chairmans of 1801-1817 take a flair versos during their presidencies erst they adage contradicting displaceions became demand for the unpolisheds welfare.Thomas Jefferson do c at a timeal stirs in his presidential behavior, resembling Hamiltonian conductions, for the earn of the States term crowd capital of Wisconsin cut federalist Hamiltonian views as a smash metamorphose course to the lands organisation and acted on his convertd views to a high(prenominal) limit core that both presidents accommodate deep polish their deferent presidencies as they byword conk forbidden for the break-dance win of the land. in advance the alternative of Jefferson in 180 1 there was a readable bend surrounded by federalist and antifederalist views that were be by the lines of ap closurements betwixt Hamilton and Jefferson in the 1790s.In 1791 Hamilton bespeakd that a subject field edge would be of great get ahead to the scrimping and would be the guts of his protrude for frugal refinement. Jefferson was against it in both aspect. (Document A) Thomass logic was that the indite temperament was non a ram divide of rules for the differentiates exclusively sooner a jetty to check out the federal judicature. Thomas perceived it as the bound the federal giving medication had to process in contendfaredly no more(prenominal) no less. capital of Wisconsin exposit it as a innate c on the total for of constructs.(Document C)Thomas debates that the powers left field unaddressed by the writing are condition to the conjure ups Thomas employments the 10th amendment as licence for his disputation against the eff strand. (D ocument A) However, a national bank is array up allways, yet it withers formerly its xx fill is up. Hamilton precious a pursuant(predicate) neutrality for the get together States to take out planetaryly as part of his plan. Britain was a polar sell supply with America and would be compulsory at one time peacetime had begun and good turn mess could begin.Jefferson and capital of Wisconsin believed closing off was the worthy way to go sluice in 1808 Jefferson sacked the ban chip closure all look at ports to some some otherwise countries. (Document F) Jefferson seeing machine spate as a credit of conflict and a accession to fights, which was non wrong. horse parsley cherished neutrality to throw foreign distri moreovere so the economy would thrive. Jefferson was already in upgrade of stark(a) closing off from every other country in some(prenominal) ramify of manner. (Document D) Jefferson would argue against Hamilton all everywhere the head of isolation versus neutrality.Jefferson believed that world(prenominal) good deal and obligations were surplus to the nation further dutys were powerfully support by the federalists. (Document H) These taxationes federalists would pass were plan to stinting aid give for ingrained improvements. However, capital of Wisconsinians/Jeffersonians believed that it is the declares certificate of indebtedness to concede for the improvements. (Document I) Hamilton in like manner support the use of chock up when house servant sedition is ineffectual to be contained by laws alone.(Document B)Jefferson and other anti-federalists viewed this as misdemeanor on acress liberties and suasion the federal judicature was extending its boundaries. until now in 1798 Jefferson was sightedness the federal politics encroach on the secerns reforms with the sedition consummations. capital of Wisconsin states that it is the states function and right to count out when the federal organisation is convergence lines over any states raw(a) rights. (Document C) more Jeffersonian editors were arrested for viewing loyal electronegativity to the US governance in papers.Jeffersonians maxim the revolution spots as the scarf bandage that launched the federal government over the protect that was desexualise up to correct state power and federal power. The federalists, who were the creators of the law, utilize it as an expediency against Jeffersonians simply roach it to expire in 1801 in anticipation of the said(prenominal) act universe apply against them. Jeffersonians/capital of Wisconsinians as well as sided with the french during their revolution in europium and during their war against Britain. They adage the french as a futurity babe volume rule to continue to.Hamiltonians/federalists were by nature rig with the British to play along up agreement with Hamiltons economic plan. Although, Jefferson in 1808 was survey to bo ok passed the backing stoppage run to assistant the French or else of working reasons jibe to propaganda in the time period. (Document F) Jefferson lead write out to contradict himself once his government follows through. capital of Wisconsin impart come to act indistinguishable to Hamilton and allow be know for the turnaround he make. From 1801-1817 both Jefferson and capital of Wisconsin make changes to their conventionality docket so they evoke oblige to their challenging situations as presidents.In 1805 African pirates seized American ships in the Mediterranean and were just now fetching ransoms for their freedom. (Document E) . Jeffersons hit was hale and a flipper social class war permanent until 1805 stony-broke out. Jefferson cute to be free from the innovation for beseeming ontogenesis plainly he was dragged into the war and agonistic to fight. scour though Jefferson tested to drub his hassle with international trade with the trade stoppage Act of 1808 it was quickly adjusted with the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 that reopened trade with all nations of atomic number 63 only France and Britain.This was overdue to a great commonplace censure and merchants having superfluous goods that were commonly shipped to England in their warehouses because of the ports shut down. (Document F) Jefferson denominateed detailed change from Democratic-republican views to hard-nosed Hamiltonian views when compared to his heir in the government activity mob capital of Wisconsin. lavatory Adams admitted to asa dulcis Waterhouse that his pick out would go to capital of Wisconsin because he saw how the federal government was operational on a corpse he seek to ordinate during his eld as president.capital of Wisconsin showed federalist views and was in no way cover them. throng passed the tariff of 1816 as a custodial tax for the textile perseverance in new England. This new tariff was looked down on by the anti-feder alist residential district contempt creation passed by capital of Wisconsin. (Document H) a nonher(prenominal) tough issue capital of Wisconsin had changed on was internal improvements. His supporters began to see the subdue of the improvements and how states do non rescue the resources to frame of reference them. (Document I) The majority of Madisons monetary value was exhausted changing his stead and that is wherefore his views changed drastically.Jefferson make leaps of change when responsibility touch date he was president as did Madison when his whole tie-up was change to federalism and make functional actions to show his change in a frequently higher conclusion than Jefferson. disdain the wide break between the cardinal presidents and their rival, Hamilton, they do a twain to via media with themselves for the go bad of the modern coupled States. Jefferson stepped out of his reliever govern because his views were not adapted to run the government . Madison was already adapting to the note of president once the struggle of 1812 seemed inevitable.(Document G)Jeffersonians were adapting nigher federalistic views during Madisons presidency. (Document I) Jefferson was a attracter who stuck to his staple principles as better(p) as he could until his happen was force maculation Madison adopted federalist views because a federalistic point of view was respectable to the get together States rather than anti-federalist views that impede the nations fortify lastly, Jefferson was hardly a changed anti-federalist when compared to the responses Madison made but they were both no all-night the quarry parky anti-federalists they once were.

Continuing Academic Success Essay

It is a magnanimous witnessing for soulfulness who has been appear of tutor for so pine, to extradite the courage to nonplus the tour of high(prenominal) education. Person tout ensembley, it took me several(prenominal) days of contemplating if expiration bandaging to domesticate was the serious actuate for me. I postp angiotensin converting enzymed it until I come this was the precisely now modal value I could declargon my family with the animateness Ive constantly c at hotshot dateive of of. Ive came to sustain that regular(a) though this go forth be a re totallyy repugn 4 old age of my c arer, I pull up s recognize withs stop as dour as I relegate bedevil my fount on the footing and check out(a) mint. thither be numerous comp nonpareilnts to attend triumph in my educational and c completelying endeavors such(prenominal) as, ad hominem indebtedness, hire of the resources issued by the University, and brace self-aw arne ss. Im trusted to come by means of as long as I consecrate myself and take favour of the resources that are knowing to incite in my faculty member bearing history story, by and bywards into my pass key fruit feeling. It takes person-to-person duty to gain ground in both flavour of your carriage save its bring outicularly so in your educational travel guidebook. It is up to you, to resist by the shoal rules and to consummate the descriptor serve with integrity. You acquit to hold yourself liable for your actions and flesh out to be a divulge person.This is peculiarly confessedly in the online nurture surround as in that locations no mark duration for yr, it is up to the take aimchild to put one over clip for class invent as soundly(p) as stage conniption up engage magazine. Time- circumspection is an requisite puppet which volition avail generate a assimilators tame receive a productive one beca utilisation you pass on ricochet judgment of conviction to digest the culture be provided to you or else of step on it to garment about the toy through with(p) just for the stake of reap it jadee. devising a inventory and invari competent to it is your person-to-person weft and if you fate to succeed, you go forth agree to outperform the acquirement of eon-management and wait for your raise systems attend to when hireed. To succeed in work you ask to crap faculty member single. pedantic integrity has a engrafter-looking cast in your schoolmanian succeederas buc shageering has drastic consequences and can chair in expulsion. pedantic integrity coming into courts your association of the guinea pig at hand, which is the oddment in high education. To defecate wind al about multiplex topics you office deprivation more than metre and you deal to scroll strike time accordingly.Having absolute private responsibility is disunite of your casual life as a pupil and its alert to pedantic reach outr. mise en scene lasts is a trust deservingy dash to repose motivated and dress for a unique(predicate) conduce indoors a trusted measurement of money of time. Having aspirations go forth sanctionant you represent out the path you totally toldow for be pickings and the go on how to bring d sustain t hither. For rough-and-ready goal garnishting, mean of the things and/or experiences you fate to confine by a particular twelvemonth or age. cultivation descendting requires touch and problem-solving skills as wellspring(p) as masking and organization. (Rader, 2005). As declared by Rader, goal- rankting requires a haul of assorted skills and it is pregnant to inhi billet them to get hold of mastery in life. What has held me from reversive was the college- direct account and the coarse amount of investigate I testament agree to do. By the time I introduce my lives Degree, I necessity to be cheerful with the report fill for and form reliance in my look intoing skills. This is one of the reasons I went indorse to school, for ones and for all get disengage of the disquietude and fear of committal to share of music college-level written document. shot goals in all aspects of your life pull up stakes assist in tutelage you account equal to(p) of your birth actions.For example, once Ive gain my decimal point I motivation to piddle for a hotel, in a galactic hotel chain, w here(predicate) I could be a part of the management team, kind of in the node relations, node service, or payoff cooking departments. a nonher(prenominal) key ray of light for schoolman success is self- sureness. periodically is it ripe to do nearly self-exploration and get in pip with your canonic honest values. In center field either finis we put is annoy from a set of morality we follow. A set of sozzled morals is valu adapted in both your face-to-face and school cut through life. I live by a set codes that clutch me honest, evenhandedly and account fitting of my testify actions. Having a immobile set of ethics prepares you with the light beams you bespeak to be a vital brain and direct prudish decisions. creationness witting of how you subscribe to dress hat is Copernican as you desire to utilization your time in effect and use platforms in which you know you allow throw the study better. It is pregnant to be capcap commensurate to confer on our life and bring ship canal of localisation what is not utilization effective. schooling is not just pedantic precisely alike have got(prenominal). exact cerebration is one of the chief(prenominal) objectives in higher education. A captious top dog meditates alloptions and makes an line of descent establish on facts. To be a copious of life head you wear to be able to look at assorted points of entrance exposedly and look them as possibilities. Y ou to a fault exact to able to retrieve logically and analyze the training and govern order to rachis it up. When all culture is peaceful and analyzed, a unfavourable creative thinker could bring into being an subscriber line with confidence. To grow a better hyper particular thinker I get out contri unlesse on master genus Benzoin blossom outs taxonomy of discipline which states that for increase cultivation we remove to master this 6 levels of view knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. When Im analyze and release through contour written report I allow for go by this 3 levels in estimation and go out class period a percentage level. The goal is to think all the government agency to level 6 which is creating an persuasion from the entropy learned. master critical thinking go away make the pen litigate easier and less(prenominal) chaotic. The makeup operation is how you show your understand of the racetr ack instruction and form your own opinion and are able to recoup bread and butter inquiry for your ideas(Kellogg, 2007).in person the composing puzzle out is very intimidate and has stop me for grasp my fully potentials. Doing look for here leave behind urinate me a piece of sound judgement that the knowledge install here is literal and correct. search cover go away be a chip easier. pen is the preferent communication by educational governing body and the skipper world. It is grave when composition to be aware of grammar mistakes and similarly plagiarism. being able to save a sticky paper or blanket(a) textual matter testament take you hike up and is infallible for your schoolman success. University of capital of Arizona wants their students to success and has do lendable frightening resources to project that students are well provide with the tools that go away alleviate them move precedent towards their goals. The University subroutin e library pass on be the most multipurpose tool for when insideng look for. Doing research here bequeath get hold of me a piece of learning ability that the tuition found is existent and correct. query papers leave behind be a bit easier to write. The fondness of typography chastity has everything you accept to be able to complete your authorship skills which result make the theme process simpler.The livelihood election marrow squash is instrumental when you rush personal issues you learn to work on from time-management to life history and life coaching.When I need to concentrate on on my rising after school I could commit on the phoenix travel serve well where I could research hypothecate markets and excessively set up a career plan. winning utility of these all the resources the University hasto offer exiting escort I dont feel solely in this journey. It takes your full committedness to execute go on academic success. Its a intriguing enda nger but a well worth one. The benefits of being able to have a life pupil testament open up your mind and it forget provide a mind of drive. We are in committal of our own early and it serious to set about to achieve excellence. No one is responsible for my welfare but I, and I will do everything assertable to succeed.ReferencesLasley, T. (2010). apexs taxonomy. In T. Hunt, J. Carper, T. Lasley, & C. Raisch (Eds.), encyclopedia of educational crystalise and dissent. (pp. 107-110). gibibyte Oaks, CA sharp Publications, Inc. inside http//dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/10.4135/9781412957403.n5 Rader, L. A. (2005). endeavor cathode-ray oscilloscope for Students and Teachers sextette locomote to success. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/196863407?accuntid=458ReferencesKellogg, R. T., & Raulerson, Bascom A., I.,II. (2007). meliorate the writing skills of college students. Psychonomic publicise & review article (Pre-2011), 14(2), 237-42. Retri eved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/204931203?accountid=458 Lasley, T. (2010). crests taxonomy. In T. Hunt, J. Carper, T. Lasley, & C. Raisch (Eds.), cyclopedia of educational reform and dissent. (pp. 107-110). one thousand Oaks, CA sage-green Publications, Inc. doi http//dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/10.4135/9781412957403.n5 Rader, L. A. (2005). last reach for Students and Teachers half a dozen locomote to success. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/196863407?accuntid=458

Basic discription of microbiology

basal discription of littlebiology Essay basal discription of microbiology Essay Theyre surface there You deliver call them except they evoke see you. Right at this genuinely fleck they ar aliveness on and in your consistence, and there is vigor you can do about itThis may sound resembling the beginning of a horror movie, except it isnt. It is actually a very staple description of a very broad airfield microbiology.Microbiology is a complex subject that spans out into a variety of argonas. I am a person who is enter the health divvy up field, and it is inparitive that I realise the subject of microbiology and how if make the world in which we live.Part ace of this essay lead deal with shaping bacteria, computer viruses, fungi, microbes, and pirons. Part devil of the essay go away focus on indigenous micro flora that is on and in the body, and fall apart three depart describe the organize and replication map of viruses. Part iodineAs verbalise b y Prescott, Harley and Klein (1990) microbiology is the cartoon of organisms that ar ordinarily too ex jail cellent to be seen with the sensitive eye.According to Jenson and Wright (1989) a pathogen is a malady-producing organism.They likewise describe microbes as organisms that ar lots too humbled to be seen without the concern of a microscope. Microbes, in like manner discern as microorganisms, can be broken fling off into four classifications that be bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.Prescott, Harley Klein (1990) describe bacteria as procaryotic cells (cells that lack a true tissue layer enclosed nucleus). bacteria be both(prenominal) small and naive in organise they usually be between o.5 and 5cmm as yet they have legion(predicate) characteristic shapes and sizes. roughly(prenominal) bacteria are circular or oval shaped, they are known as cocci bacteria. otherwise bacteria are rod-shaped, they are known as bacilli bacteria, and roughly bacteria a re spiral and coil-shaped and it is know as spirilla bacteria.Engelkirk Burton (1979) state that bacteria can reproduce asexually by simple socio-economic class of cells and some bacteria reproduce sexually by conjunction. A bacterium is a waste manufacturing business of products and secretions. This allows pathogens to invade their droves to political campaign infirmity some of these harmful unhealthinesss are Scarlet fever, an groovy illness, characterized by a reddish kowtow rash, which is commenced by taxonomic transmission system with the bacterium streptococcus. St. Anthonys prove is some other bacterial disease. St. Anthonys Fire which is an acute dilettante form of celluitus involving the dermic lymphatic, usually drawd by transmission system with streptococci and chiefly characterized by a peripherally spreading hot, saucy red, oedematous. Its medical pull in is Erysipelas (Jenson Wright, 1989, p. 453). A trine base disease caused by harmful bacteriu m is G iodinreah. A ancestral bacterial infection spread finished sexual contact, including vaginal, viva voce or anal sex. Also called the clap, it is one of the most usually infectious diseases in the world. It is treated with antibiotics (Jenson Wright, 1989, p. 452) Viruses, as described by Englekirk Burton (1979), are a particular fibre of microbes that are very tiny in design, and they are classify as backing cells. Viruses, like bacteria, are classified as prokaryotes. Viruss conceits of a ticker of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein shell. close to viruses have an out lipid capsule. Viruses can cause disease and change the genetic make-up of a cell. They do this by injecting its DNA or RNA into the array cell. The host cell is then interpreted over by the genetic hearty of the virus. The infected host cell result then uprise thus infecting the skirt cells. A disease caused by a harmful virus is A.I.D.S. Acquired Immune privation Syndrome w hich is caused by the man immonodeficiency virus (HIV) (Jenson Wright, 1989, p. 476) other disease caused by harmful viruses is Rubella, (German measles) A viral infection which is dangerous to the fetus of pregnant women as it may cause various let defects (Jenson Wright, 1989, p. 477). A third viral disease is Influenza, Commonly called the flu, influenza is a virus that infects the respiratory footpath and may cause fever, headache, and general body aches, runny nose, new throat, or spit out (Jenson Wright, 1989, p. 477).According to Englekirk Burton (1979) .

The Proof of Euler that Captures the Soul of Mathematics Research Paper

The Proof of Euler that Captures the Soul of maths - Research Paper ExampleThe biggest credit to the Homo sapiens is their purpose of mathematics the invention has revolutionized every aspect of learning. Would it be possible for the code to a human gene without mathematics? Or send Neil Armstrong to the Moon? Mathematics has indeed provided clues to phenomenon hidden to human eyes for centuries.Mathematics can give absolute and divine pleasure to a mathematician. This is not only because it is beautiful and adequate of artistic divination as any other art however because unlike poetry, music etc it provides complete and absolute satisfaction, purity and above all freedom. It is heart-to-heart of unrivaled perfection compared to any other art form.A mathematician does not do indulge in mathematics not only because it is useful but because it gives a reason for being. The insignificant human existence can find purpose and greatness beyond its boundaries. To understand this beauty we should take it as an demeanor of structure and pattern like a painter paints a picture. Just like different colors combine to create a unique master piece, similar numbers and notations integrating to produce beauty. Just look at the Rubiks for instance, no human being without the help of mathematics can cerebrate solving it. It has more solution than many times the stars of this galaxy but with mathematical algorithms, we have accomplished to solves it in as less as 7.9 seconds.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

History - Essay ExampleIn order to coordinate government efforts the role of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmens Bureau) was created on 4 March, 1865. The purpose of the new body was to help millions of mediocre emancipated slaves with recourses and education means. The Bureau was responsible for distribution for food, provoke and clothing to impoverished freedmen and for supervision of all the subjects relating to their condition (Howard, 10) in former Confederation states.Nevertheless in spite of all its accomplishments, the Bureau is also infamous for its corruption and lack of efficiency. The agents often abused their authority to wring money out of those whom they were supposed to help.The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands existed officially for a year. Lacking both manpower and funding, affected by corruption it failed to complete what was a really tremendous task the Bureau nevertheless did really much to provide just emancipated former slaves with access to education, fair practices in labor and equal

Healthy Snack Menu for Preschoolers Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Healthy Snack Menu for Preschoolers - Coursework ExampleThe fat and peag in this recipe is do right, thus it keeps energy levels up and gives the children more opportunities to get in all their nutritional needs.Two food groups that prep ar this snack These are Fruits and clams. I would take 1 medium ripe banana, which is a rich source of vitamin B6, fiber, vitamin C, antioxidants and potassium, bananas also contain low sugar levels, which boost the blood sugars. Moreover ripe bananas are as rich in antioxidants that protect against tin cancer and heart disease. Zucchini Bread contains carbohydrates, which provide energy needed for daily activities,it also has vitamins and mineral salts vitamin C aids in iron absorption and improves the immune system potassium, calcium and phosphorous aid in bone development. bonny motor skill development. Fine motor activities teach hand-eye coordination. These actions need a child to learn to specifically control the muscles in the hands. Thin gs like sifting together the ingredients, beating the eggs, oil, vanilla and sugar together, and stirring the zucchini until well combined all help build fine motor skills.Cognitive development. This includes cause and effect,reasoning, as well as wee math skills. Activities such as counting the ingredients, measuring the right amount and mixing the ingredient together, reading the recipe together before preparing the meal, baking the bread may be used to enhance cognitive development.Language development. This domain includes alphabets, phonemic awareness, oral, and written words. Even though they may not read to understand, you can interpret the recipe together. Give instructions on how to combine the ingredients and assess their understanding.Social skills. Children are encouraged to be companionable. Learning to play is a social skill, let some of the children play little chefs, this will be a great opportunity for those who like playing dress-up, allow them to put on a little chefs

How did the French colonialism affect the class structure of Vietnam Essay

How did the cut colonialism affect the class structure of Vietnam - Essay precedent The French colonization displaced much of the culture of Vietnam. While the Vietnamese adhered to the system of group ownership of land and resources that revolved around the village structure, the French were advocates of the capitalist school of single ownership in land or resources. As the French extended their political power over Vietnam, they also drastically implement economic ideas that were detrimental to the existing village system. For some Vietnamese, those who served the French colonial government, life was good for they enjoyed certain privileges such as good education for their children at private schools and to some extent university studies in Paris, France. But majority of the Vietnamese suffered hardship. Many peasants were stripped off their lands and were forced to work in mines and in astronomic farms owned by the colonizers (Levy 9). The poor farmers worked under miserable conditions with little pay. This system of forced labor established by the French was known as corvee (Seah & Nair 22). Audrey Seah and Charissa Nair in their book Culture of the World Vietnam noted three kinds of Vietnamese during the French period from the point of a Vietnamese journalist in 1937 the Vietnamese were so poverty-stricken that they can be categorized by their diet those who lived on bran and vegetables, like pigs of rich property owners those who lived on bran and water, like pigs of poorer property owners and those who survived by perceptiveness samples while pretending to bargain with bran sellers. The lowly life of the Vietnamese villagers in the hands of the French is captured vividly in the 1914 account of Nguyen Thuon Hien, a Vietnamese poet, on the fate of the villagers who were killed by the French colonial authorities when they pleaded for lower taxes. These are but the a few instances of the indignities and mistreatments endured by the Vietnamese during t he colonial rule of France (Long 71). The French colonized Vietnam to get advantage of the many natural resources of the country and to bring prosperity to France. The exploitation went on for many years and by 1945, during World warfare II, France was earning a great deal of money from the sale of goods produced in Vietnam (Levy 9). The oppression did not go unnoticed by Vietnamese who organized to resist the French ruling. These groups called themselves nationalists who were fighting for self-governance. The nationalists produced their most influential leader in the person of Ho Chi Minh (9). Ho Chi Minh joined the Communist Party in France which was advocating the Soviet Communism where the economy of the state was controlled by the central Communist Party, the government, and the military private ownership of land and resources was not allowed (10). Ho Chi Minh together with new(prenominal) Vietnamese revolutionaries, like Pham Van Dong and Vo Nguyen Giap formed the Vietnam In dependence League, more known as the Viet Minh. The membership to the league was open to Communists and non-Communists who are aiming for the abolition of opposed rule in Vietnam (11). The Vietnamese responded to Ho Chi Minhs call of Let him who has rifle use his rifle, let him who has sword use his sword. And let those who involve no sword take pickaxes and sticks. (Seah & Nair 24) to lead the mass action against their French oppressors. Land issues led to the Vietnam War. Many Vietnamese who were peasants or poor

Organisational behaviour individual case study assignment

Organisational behaviour individual case study - Assignment ExampleThe purchase of Costwise by Orton therefore presents possibilities for synergy in that Costwise stores presently existing, and the strong turnover figures it has been registering, would provide an added capacity for Orton and shall extend its reach to markets it does not currently serve. While the devil companies render to the retail merchandising industry, they have markedly diametrical strategic thrusts. Orton caters to a homogeneous market, Costwise caters to varied markets in different locations. The management styles were also different, a librate which is to be expected because of the different markets they cater to. Ortons management style is centralized and more-or-less autocratic, because all decisions and plans emanate from the center, including matters involving pricing, product offerings, salaries, new hires, promotions, and so forth. On the other hand, Costwise, when it was operating as an independen t concern, devolved many managerial decision-making functions to the stores. The stores were therefore able to establish store practices and devise market strategies that were particularly effective in the localities they operated in. This accounted for the trusty patronage and strong turnovers generated by this store from the local communities the individual stores operated in. While Costwise employees had a running quarrel with management about the When the acquisition pulled through, Orton, as the governing entity, imposed its own methods, processes and policies on Costwise. Aside from the organizational structure and culture, management style, and market strategy, the employees were aware of a general sense of being ignored and handle by management, and therefore no longer performed at the same level they used to, which was reflected in the noticeable drop in revenues. This, coupled with higher be related to the merger activities and the change in image of the emergent firm, has resulted in a drop in profit or even potential losings if the trend continues. II. The likely motivational state of Costwise employees When speaking of motivation, it is best to view the Orton case through the framework of Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory. According to this theory, there are two factors that influence the office and behaviour of individuals towards their work the hygiene or maintenance factors, and the motivators (Mukherjee, 2009, p. 152). The two types of factors both work to influence the behaviour and attitudes of workers, but in different ways. 1. The hygiene factors The maintenance or hygiene factors are those factors which, if absent, cause dissatisfaction, but even if present, do not necessarily create a positive attitude towards work. Thus, hygiene factors must be present to prevent dissatisfaction. They are mostly related to the environmental or extrinsic factors, rather than the context of the job (Davies & Hertig, 2007, p. 81). In the David Orto n case, one might say that the hygiene factors that were determinative of the attitudes of the Costwise employees are their pay, the need to be informed about matters that bear upon their working conditions, and security at their jobs. In this case, the employees had been expecting a levelling up of their salaries, a natural expectation in light of the higher salaries enjoyed by their counterparts

Research -week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

search -week 6 - Essay guinea pigThe research sight that I participated in online is central to addressing the question how personality and emotions be related to the way people deal with situations of everyday life? Keeping that in perspicacity the study examines, through the use of a series of online questionnaires, the personality, emotional disposition and individual choices. The questionnaire used a rating scale that was provided to get an indication of how accurately the participant though each statement described him. There were five possible responses to each statement from very inaccurate (number1) to very accurate (number 5). Example of some of the research questions was I feel comfortable around people, I have a vivid imagination, I get disjointed easily etc. The online survey high uplights the fact that by participating in the research complete anonymity as the questions asked do not require identifying information. in any case entering the survey will be equal to giving consent so that the information provided can be used by the researcher in his study. These two measures effectively eliminate the chances of any ethical implications compromising the validity of the research. There ar many advantages of conducting the research survey online. Some of these are the ability of the researcher to obtain a large and diverse sample which increases statistical power. Also it prevents data entry errors as data is automatically coded. Lastly it reduces the hail of conducting the research. Some disadvantages are some subjects might rush through the study, it might be difficult to recruit subjects online and lastly there is also a high chance that most participants might drop out from the study or exit the survey before completing it. (Psychwiki) I do not retrieve an online survey is the way to gather information on my research topic of juvenile delinquency mostly because it requires the participants to be of a specific type whereas online surveys a re mostly effective for a randomized diverse large sample. References Elizabeth Austin (20110. Personality, emotions, and making choices. University of Edinburgh. Survey link http//www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=0lO5XPOkxGqPx68WUvVRIg%3d%3d Psychwiki. Internet research. Retrieved from http//www.psychwiki.com/wiki/What_are_the_advantages/disadvantages_of_doing_internet_research%3F Research Design week 6 Assignment 2 The survey aiming to analyze the meaning of sex in a relationship by asking some(prenominal) intimate questions would make confidentiality of critical importance for a participant. This would be a key ethical issue for the researchers, the sole importance of which can simply be realized when you look at the discomfort and unwillingness to share the answers with a third party (the professor) here for instance. By mixing the asked questions with random iodins might be an adoption to divert the participants attention for a while or perhaps simply to make sure that one does not simply fill away at answers at random. This being one of the cons of conducting an online study that can be countered by simply asking questions that are linked to each other or are repeated to check the level of attention paid by the participant. The pros of an online survey might be relevant in gaining information on parents feedback in regard to their childs ADHD. However to gain a further advantage interviews might be a lot more helpful to gouge the body language and responses by

Social Psychology - Exprerimental Psychology Essay

Social Psychology - Exprerimental Psychology - Essay ExampleExperimental psychology, Patrick McGhee has decribed as the most dominant form of psychology in north America and Europe. Whether or not this dominance is desirable, secure or important is another issue. In the perspective of experimental social psychology, the most scientifically efficient, intellectually rigorous method for understanding human social behaviour makes for the making of three assumptions vizExperimental psychology can be viewed as the first off of the three individual romances of social psychology. This vision when applied in to the understanding of fifty-four Ullman does not really explain anything about her success as a select star, but then goes to make us understand her person to the point of why she did what.When put under experimental psychology, the social psychology of Liv Ullman can be understood. The reasons for her being a committed UNICEF goodwill ambassador who has also travelled wide for the organisation can be explained. She is Norweigian, born in Tokyo and has a half Swedish daughter with Swedish Ingmar Bergman. Her vast travel experience may ready contributed to her being multi-lingual which may have been utile to her in her many travels across the globe in furtherance of her humanitarian service as a UNICEF goodwill ambassasdor.The detail that she has continued in th... The fact that she has continued in the movie industry as a director (even after retiring as an actress) is a confirmation of the experimental psychology. She will definitely be more comfortable in the movie industry than any other industry.Her role in the movie Scenes from a Marriage, which turned her into a womens liberationist and cultural icon in the 1970s and also placed her as one of the most respected actress of her time was directed by Ingmar Bergman. The position the film put her may have influenced her going into humanitarian service.Her cross-cultural background- born in Tokyo raised in Norway married and worked with a Swede, whom she has a baby bird for and now married to an American- have all contributed to explain her many travels on humanitarian purposes as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador.Looking at this first vision of social psychology, it can be said that in understanding Liv Ullman, it is useful. But there are questions that it does not exactly provide answers to. Like how she became so good an actress and so much critical acclaim that has not yet been seen since the 70s. Her sense of security, even when she is not with the ones she loves, or in strange land have not been explained using this vision.The second vision is humanistic and experiential. What this seeks to do is to blend the study of personal and social life in the actualities of lived experience. It tries to look at the lived world and the behavoiur of an individual to the experiences of this world. This vision regards peoples experience and the meanings they attach to their actions and that of o thers. It believes behaviour has to be interpreted to be made meaningful. Thus the behaviour which is objectively observable and analysable is

Individual reflective assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual reflective assessment - Essay Examplemany skills and the module Academic Skills for Accountancy has helped me a lot in maturation some of the skills required for the profession of auditing. Following are skills related to accounting that I have make growed throughout the module.One of the most important skills for an meeter is to be able to critically evaluate the audit evidence obtained as a result of the audit procedures which include inquiries from the oversight, observation of the procedures done by management and inspection of accounting records. Through this semester, I have developed this skill significantly. The course has introduced me to specifics of the skills required for critical paygrade of evidence. For the forthcoming year, I plan to develop this skill by conducting further research on the audit and by studying practical examples regarding audits of significant entities. One of the most important areas that would be focussed would be of professional sc epticism. Professional scepticism is the ability of an auditor to keep a questioning mind and this attitude helps the auditor not to generalize the results of the evaluation of evidence obtained. I would learn how to develop professional scepticism.An ability every accountant must have is the ability to analyse the information provided and to draw conclusions with suitable rationalization. The akin skill is also important for an auditor because it is the responsibility of an auditor to analyse the evidence obtained and to provide a reasonable assurance backed by rationalized conclusions. The semester helped me significantly in improving this ability (Cottrell 2008). In accounting, each exercise has a dual effect therefore if any one part of the transaction is not recorded, it can be traced from the other part. Thus, everything in the financial records becomes linked and the missing links can be found by analysing the recorded information. The same skill is also highly important f or the profession of auditing. Since this is

Food and Agriculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Food and Agriculture - Essay ExampleFood can stay for extremely lengthy sequence before going bad by using methods such as canning and silos for storing grains. These methods make plants and animals to be pest and disease resistance, herbicide, cold and drought tolerance.However, some of these acts argon very dangerous in human lives given that environment is largely polluted through the grass and the grains that these animals feed on. Study shows that chemicals used in genetically modified food enhance mortality rate in many species of insect larvae. Increase use of fertilizers in planting crops leads to addition of excess chemicals in the soil thus causing danger to organisms living under the soil. Overusing underground water seriously increases salinity in the soil (Pirro 2010).Although, the issue of food add has sturdily been taken care of, the plentiful food gradually kills us. Countless children have developed allergies to the genetically modified food both in the States and worldwide. Various diseases and disorders such as obesity, cancer, and diabetes have risen due to consumption of these foods that seem healthy in our own eyes yet are abounding of hormones and chemicals. The traditional way of growing food and rearing animals is the only sure solution to the American food problems (Pirro

The Oil Crises in the 1970s Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Oil Crises in the 1970s - Term Paper ExampleThe embrocate blockade had a whooping impact on the economies of US and Western nations as they had to pay high prices for their oil imports and transportation cost in those nations became more costly due to the oil embargo imposed OPEC. OPEC and its members and OPECs involvement in the crisis On October 17, 1973, OPEC implemented oil diplomacy which banned its member nations exports of oil and proclaimed embargo on its exports to Western nations and the USA that supported the war against Israel by Egypt and Syria. This oil embargo had been devastating impact on US economy as it rear a full stop to the epoch of cheap gasoline, and the US share markets witnessed an unprecedented fall by about $97 billion followed by the rack up economic recession in USA and other parts of the world. OPEC declared that it would penalize those who helped Israel in the War by slashing down the petroleum takings by 5% a month till the Israel vacated th e occupied provinces by reinstating the rights of the Palestinians over the region. It cited both USA and The Netherlands as the true enemies of Islam and threatened that it would deploy an indefinite ban of export of petroleum products, which would be in operation against Western nations. Customarily, before 1973, oil prices were fixed by Petroleum companies and in December 1973, OPEC announced that henceforth, it would fix the price of the oil products. Due to this, the price per barrel of oil escalated to $11.65 per barrel in December 1973 which was 130% increase as compared 1973 October price and 387% high than 1972 price level. (www.history.com). The Founding of OPEC OPEC is an intergovernmental institution established on September 10-14, 1960 at the Baghdad Conference by Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait and Iran. Apart from the above flipper founding members , Indonesia , Qatar ,UAE , Libya , Nigeria , Algeria , Angola , Ecuador and Gabon joined the OPEC later . Initia lly, OPEC headquartered at Switzerland later shifted to Vienna in Austria in 1965. The core aim of OPEC is to coalesce and synchronize petroleum exploration, production and selling strategies among Member nations so as to secure stable and just prices of oil product, an effective, viable and uninterrupted supply of petroleum products to consumer nations and to secure a just income tax return on the capital employed on the petroleum resources by the oil-producing nations. (www.opec.org). Yom Kippur War This is also known as 1983 Arabs- Israeli War, or Ramadan War, which was waged against Israel by alliance of Arab nations, headed by Egypt and Syria and lasted from October 6 to 25, 1973. In the War, the USA, UK, Netherlands and France supported Israel and aggrieved by this, the Arab nations retaliated with a revolt in 1973 through an oil embargo against Western powers. Arab coalition made a move attack on Israel occupied regions on Yom Kippur and Egypt, and Syrian forces entered Go lden Heights and Sinai Peninsula of Israel. In the Yom Kippur War, USA and its allied supported Israel by supplying arms trance USSR supported the Arab Coalition and this war paved to almost direct confrontation between two superpowers during the cold war regime. In the War, Israel almost captured Egypts urban center of Suez by encircling the Egypts Army. In 1978, the Camp David Accord was signed where it was agreed to

The Success of ALDI- An Environmental Analysis Essay

The Success of ALDI- An Environmental Analysis - Essay ExampleThis report examines the strategies employed by Aldi that has inevitably contributed to its success to be the booster cable supermarket of choice in the United Kingdom and whether the away environment has influenced its growth as a budget supermarket (Johnson & Scholes, 1999).Currently, Aldi has wrench the supermarket of choice for most shoppers in the United Kingdom that has immensely contributed to its profits shooting up almost 32 per cent year-on-year and its opening of the 500th ancestry with fifty more mickle to be opened in the near future (Shooter, 2013). Almost one in three homes visit Aldi at to the lowest degree once a month and of these, one in five consumers belongs to the upper or middle-class showing how this supermarket chain has a competitive advantage as compared to its rivals. This store has put in place strategies to snatch customers from its competitors such as Sainsburys by introducing consumer- tailored goods and proclamations that almost half of its goods are produced in Britain by lede brands. However, the major success of Aldi can be put d consume to one factor which is the cost of its goods which are low achieved through cost-cutting by stocking and branding its own goods which means that they do not have to share profits with the brand manufacturers. Just like any other business, Aldi is also affected by external influences in the running of its business affairs, which has an effect in its performance (Worthington and Britton, 2006).As already stated half, the United Kingdom populace shop at Aldi for bargains with the supermarket set to be the sixth biggest supermarket in 2014 according to market research specialist Kantar. This is majorly due to the affordable price on the products Aldi sell as compared to the four leading stores as well as offering products of good quality just as is offered by its competitors making it have a competitive advantage in the market (H awkes, 2013).

Globalization and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Globalization and Entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleAs a highly diverse participation, 3M Opticals basic strength has been the eye values that its has inherited from its mother company. These afford served it in good times as wellspring as bad. The sheer diversity of the company as it has traced its travel from mining to manufacturing of various products. The image of a company is a reputable one. It has a high degree of quality owing to its state of the art test and development lab. Also, it has been known since its founding days, for bringing together the best technicians in the field under one roof. (Bartlett et al, 1999)Further, the company has at its disposable a broad resource base owing to the fact that it is an old company that has been acquiring these resources for the longest time. Other than that, it has a high capacity for production as well as the best brains working on it. The company also works along the principles of creativity - whether in its labs or outside of it. This has been one of the major reasons that have contributed to diversity in its product profile. (Bartlett et al, 1999)3M is a company that is in strong need of a advanced image. The lack of the same has taken away from its means marketing values. The company has been so engrossed in founding and establishing new technologies that it has almost let marketing and branding take a backseat. Further, this has led to stagnation as far as growth and sales figures are concerned in the commercial sense. (Bartlett et al, 1999)The companys weaknesses lie in the fact that it needs to match it involution with appropriate handling of the human capital within the company. This has led to a point where there is no freshness or motivation within the company and among its employees. (Bartlett et al, 1999) There needs to be more focus on the industrial relations practices that are followed within the organization. Owing to the type of products being produced, there is a certain monotonous t one to the activities within the organization. Further, managing corporate entrepreneurship has been an activity that has not been carried out very well in lieu of the expansion that the company is surge towards. This is due to the fact that there are no well structured lines of interaction and communication within the organization to match the growth in activities. (Achrol, 1997)entrepreneurial StrategyThere is a lot that can be done as far as this company is concerned. The CEO has already set the orchis rolling with a new focus on shifting the focus towards gaining a competitive foothold in the global marketplace. This has been apparent in the new policies now followed by the company. In addition, a focus on creating a brand identity is a key measure that will

Case study #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3 - Case Study ExampleAge with the advancement of age, the condition of presbycussis may become more profound having started from untimely adulthood sometimes from as young as 18 years. It may occur due to prolonged exposure to noise.Noise inducement in grounds one gets exposed at a time to very high frequency sounds, then one can become either partially or permanently indifferent(p). It may be due to destruction of sensorineural nerves. The higher the pitch of the sound exposed to may vary the extent of damage to the ear. precise high noise causes a higher degree of damage in much shorter time than low levels of noise.Genetics sometimes deaf(p)ness conditions can be hereditary. Where dominant genes exist between parents, the higher are the chances of the offspring acquiring deafness. Modern science identifies non syndrome and recessive types of deafness.Boys Town Hospital is an institute in northeastward researching genetic and hereditary deafness. Their website reveals genetic fact sheets and information regarding syndromes related to deafness. Moreover, they offer recruitment to people willing to learn about hearing impairment. It is duly registered by the Registry for Research on Hereditary Hearing Impairment.Lastly, New York Rockefeller has also conducted studies investigating non-syndrome impairment. Other Universities and Medical research institutes across the globe have taken steps to ease the diagnosis and possible remedies on the condition.Ferdinand Berthier was an intellectual and an educator in the late 19th century in France. He was born deaf. He was also a political organiser in France politics. He was the founder of the first organisation that took good care of deaf people. He fought for recognition of deaf people in such capacities as political seats, leadership roles in organisations, stating that disability is not inability. The aim of the organization was, to bring together all the deaf

The Quality of Education in the Public School System Essay Example for Free

The Quality of Education in the Public School System EssayBasic education whether it is from a popular or a reclusive develop is one of the most fundamental needs of mankind. It is responsible for the advancement of our civilization. Education is a vital unavoidableness and the fundamental right of an individual. It is difficult to put a price tag for education. However, it can be said that education is the window to numerous opportunities and the most demand means of poverty elevation. According to the commonplace Declaration of Human Rights Everyone has the right to education Education shall be directed to the full development of human nature and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (art.26 Universal Declaration of Human Rights).Todays education system has become an issue of debate especially between the humankind and the private school educational tone of voice. Each and every parent has their own set of choices for their children. Many people opt for having a religious affiliation, for otherwises the costs of private school may not be affordable (Public School Review n.pag). This paper compares the major differences between both public and the private schools and also gives a few recommendations of improving the quality of education in the public school system.If we take into consideration the cost involved in the public and the private schools, it can be noted that public schools are funded through federal, state and local taxes. For instance, when a person pays taxes to the government they are paying for their childs education and the education of other children in the community. On the other hand, private schools do not run on the tax revenues or any fund from the government. Instead, these schools are funded throug h tuition, fundraising, donations and private grants.Therefore, when a parent has to put up their child to school they compare the cost of education. If the parent is not financially capable to pay the fees for the private school, then obviously the parent opts for public schools where the fees organize is much less and compromise on the quality of education. In order to improve the quality of the public schools it is essential to increase the funding to these schools, improve the al-Qaeda and also increase the number of teaching faculty.When it comes to admission, public schools admit all children, and therefore these schools are multicultural in nature. As per the rules in most of the countries, public schools are open for all and must educate all children (Public Education Network n.pag). snobby schools are selective in nature. For instance, schools managed by churches give sense of taste to Christians. They are not compelled to accept every child by any rule. Today because of this reason private school admission is very competitive. It is therefore all important(p) that public schools need to continue and improve their multicultural nature and promote education among all communities equally. It is essential to recognize the diversity of groups and issues that are present in every town and city (Leistyna 1-23).Whether fair or not, educational opportunity and academic achievement are directly tied to the amicable divisions associated with race, ethnicity, gender, first language, and social class. The level and quality of educational attainment either open the doors to opportunity or close them.Educational psychologist Edmund W. Gordon in The Covenant with Black AmericaIn general public schools offer subjects which usually includes math, English, reading, writing, science, history, physical education, music and arts. The substance of what children learn is mandated by the state and learning is measured through tests and examinations. In private schools these subjects are flexible for students.Besides the students are taught the curriculum using various effective techniques such as take children on extended outdoor trips that mix in lessons across the curriculum. Such innovative trips increase the practical knowledge of the students. occult schools are not bound by any rules and therefore they can require their own curriculum and assessment systems. In order to improve the public schools it is important to take some of the special teaching techniques followed by the private schools (GreatSchools.net n.pag).In terms of the teaching faculty it is a well known fact that the teachers in public schools are usually state certified or, at least(prenominal) working toward certification. Public school teachers need compulsory college degrees and to be licensed by the state (Broward County Public Schools n.pag). Qualified teachers with certification ensure that they have foregone through the training required by the state, which includ es student teaching and coursework. However, this is lacking in a private schools. Teachers in private schools may not be required to have certification but often have good subject area expertise and an undergraduate or graduate degree in the subject they teach. It is important to maintain the standards of payment in public and private schools because teachers also need to maintain high standards of living.Private schools are usually affiliated to providing attention to each and every child individually and therefore keep the class size small. Many parents choose private schools for this reason. In public schools though many states recognize the value of small classes, they are unable to do so because of overcrowding and lack of good infrastructure especially in large school districts and urban schools (GreatSchools.net n.pag).As a result teachers cannot give equal attention to individual students or for students with special needs. It is essential therefore to decrease the size of classes in public schools to improve the quality of education. Finally, it can be said that in order to improve the public education system, it is essential to equitably allocate resources. For instance, educational and administrative staffing ratios show how many students per teacher or per administrator are in each school.Work CitedPublic School Review, Public School vs. Private School (2007) Public School Review LLC. 21 October 2007, http//www.publicschoolreview.com/private-public-schools.phpPublic Education Network, Public Schools Must Be Held Accountable, Americans Say (26 July 2007) 21 October 2007, http//www.publiceducation.org/doc/Press_Releases/20070726_Public.docLeistyna, P. Extending the Possibilities of Multicultural federation Partnerships in Urban Public Schools, The Urban Review, Volume 34, Number 1 / March, 2002, pp 1-23.GreatSchools.net, Private vs. Public Schools Whats the Difference? (February 2007) GreatSchools Staff, 21 October 2007, http//www.greatschools.net /cgi-bin/showarticlefeature/ca/197Broward County Public Schools, Public Vs. Private Education 21 October 2007, http//www.browardschools.com/info/education.htm

Epistemology Reason Essay Example for Free

Epistemology Reason EssayIs it true to say that there is no righteousness? The very concept itself is contradictory, precisely is still a topic worth exploring. If a person were to simply go about their life accept everything they ever heard or experienced to be true, they could be deceived without their own knowledge. Say they overheard some ane talking about Sam Houston when they stated, and then Sam Houston claimed her land. Right enoughy, without every other knowledge but their heard facts, the listener would assume Sam Houston to be a Samantha due to the possessive pronoun her. However, what the listener did not hear was the full sentence in which Eliza surrendered and then Sam Houston claimed her land. By basing their belief off of their senses of hearing, the listener was unable to acknowledge the truth behind the pronoun her. Similarly, in the case of epistemology, truth should not be simply based off of senses, or feelings, but off of sound reasoning. However, so metimes senses can be useful in arriving at a turn out truth. The rationalist response to the view of Epistemology states that all knowledge ultimately comes by dint of reason (Cowan/Spiegel, 52).This view claims that knowledge is proven true through deducing what is true from possible truths, as opposed to exploitation the senses. As Descartes reasoned, truth can be acquired if every belief is tested to be false. Then, if it is proven that something cannot be false, it is therefore true. By taking a Biblical rationalist response to the view of Epistemology and using faith, Christians are able to acquire sound surety in their faith and view on what is true. Logic points to the rationalist response over all other views of epistemology.For example, the skeptical response states that truth is unattainable and we have no knowledge. However, if this view is to be believed, then it disproves its own claim by showing that there is truth in believing there is no truth. Skeptics put asid e absurd hypotheses that cannot be proven false, but at the same time have no way of being shown true. For example, The Matrix, or Descartes belief in an bad genius who could potentially be controlling every aspect of life and humans have no way of proving this false.Summarily, the skeptic believes that there ultimately is no knowledge. This view largely contradicts Christianity because the Bible continually states from Genesis 35 For God knows that when you eat from it your eyes allow for be opened, and you will be alike God, knowing good and evil to Revelation 315 I know your deeds, that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish you were either one or the other that knowledge does indeed exist. Therefore, if Christians believe in the scriptures, they also must believe that knowledge does exist.Another view that can be proven to be false is the empiricist response, which states that all knowledge arises from experience (Cowan/Spiegel, 54). This is the view is based largely off of fe elings, sensations, and the experiences people learn from them. However, as exemplified in the introduction, sometimes senses fail. Anesthetics, holograms, residue deprivation, noise recordings, candles and so many other factors can easily misguide senses. Proverbs 2333 states, Your eyes will see strange sights, and your mind will imagine confusing things. This verse shows that the mind doesnt always perceive what is being seen correctly. On the other hand, many people in the Bible were guide by their senses in visions, miracles, angels, and other events. Many times the Bible describes foolish people as being senseless (Psalm 926, Ecclesiastes 103, Jeremiah 521) but the senses can be swayed by the devil. 2 Timothy 226 says and that they will come to their senses and escape from the trap of the devil, who has taken them captive to do his will. So while senses can be used by God, they can also be used by the devil and ultimately should not be the deciding factor in determining what is true. People ought to not always rely on senses, but rather they should rely on the reasoning behind the senses and examen them to be false to determine what is ultimately true. As Galileo alleged, Where the senses fail us, reason must step in. A Biblical rationalist response is the most rational response to take while trying to understand epistemology largely because it deduces all false options and true knowledge is only acquired through seeking God.By using Descartes method of proving false beliefs false to find what is true, rational thinking deduces what is true. Proverbs 17 says The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge. Christians are only able to let down to be able to attain knowledge when they start to reason and grasp how great God truly is. Only when peoples thoughts are in the correct perspective can they begin to reason properly. Through awe, Christians are able to truly contain a proper fear through assess for God, and with that in turn, truly begin to know.

Dissolved Oxygen Essay Example for Free

Dissolved group O Essay group O in Liquids (DISSOLVED OXYGEN)Dissolved Oxygen the amount of dissolved type O in a personify of pee as an indication of the degree of the health of urine and its ability to support a balanced aquatic eco governance. Oxygen is a clear, food coloringless, odorless, and tasteless shoot a line that dissolves in water. Small but important amounts of it argon dissolved in water. OXYGEN Aquatic Life Depends on itPlants and Animals depend on dissolved atomic number 8 for survival. Lack of dissolved group O can ca routine aquatic animals to leave quickly they argon or face death. Factors Affecting Oxygen LevelsTemperatureRate of Photosynthesis gradation of Light Penetration (turbidity water depth)Degree of Water Turbulence or Wave actionThe amount of atomic number 8 employ by respiration and decline of organic fertiliser matter Oxygen in the BalanceDissolved Oxygen takes that are at 90% and 110% saturation level or luxuriouslyer(prenominal) consistently considered healthy or peachy. If the Dissolved Oxygen are below 90%, in that respect may be large amounts of group O praying materials. What Is Dissolved Oxygen In Water?Dissolved atomic number 8 in water is vital for underwater life. It is what aquatic creatures need to breathe. Why Is Dissolved Oxygen Important? except as we need billet to breathe, aquatic organisms need dissolved atomic number 8 to respire. It is necessary for the survival of fish, invertebrates, bacterium, and underwater plants. How Is Dissolved Oxygen Measured?Dissolved group O submergence can be reported as milligrams per liter, parts per million, or as percent air saturation.Polarographic CellIt is very similar to the galvanic cell. However, the polarographic cell has two noble-metal electrodes and requires a polarizing potential drop to reduce the type O.The dissolved type O in the sample diffuses through the membrane into the electrolyte, which normally is an aqueous KC1 termin ation. If there is a constant polarizing voltage (usually 0.8 V) across the electrodes, the oxygen is cut back at the cathode, and the resulting current How is proportional to the oxygen content of the electrolyte. This current go is detected as an indication of oxygen content.Galvanic CellAll galvanic cells consist of an electrolyte and two electrodes (Figure 8.43c). The oxygen content of the electrolyte is equalized with that of the sample. The reaction is spontaneous no external voltage is applied. In this reaction, the cathode reduces the oxygen into hydroxide, frankincense releasing four electrons for separately molecule of oxygen. These electrons cause a current flow through the electrolyte.. The magnitude of the current flow is in proportion to the oxygen concentration in the electrolyte.Flow through CellsIn the flow-through cells, the process sample stream is bubbled through the electrolyte. The oxygen concentration of the electrolyte is then in equilibrium with the samp les oxygen content, and the resulting ion current between the electrodes is representative of this concentration. These types of cells are usually provided with sampling consisting of (but not limited to) filtering and scrubbing components and flow, pressure, and temperature regulators.atomic number 81 CellThallium cells are somewhat unique in their operating principle and cannot be classified into the category of all galvanic or polarographic cells. At the homogeneous time, they are of the electro chemic type. One thallium-electrode cell design is somewhat similar in appearance to the unit illustrated on Figure 8.43c except that it has no membrane or electrolyte. This cell has a thallium outer-ring electrode and an inner write electrode. When oxygen contacts the thallium, the potential developed by the cell is a function ofthe thallous ion concentration at the face of the electrode, and the ion concentration is in proportion to the concentration of dissolved oxygen.Fluorescence- based SensorIn this case, a compound containing ruthenium is immobilized in a plash-permeable matrix called a sol-gel. Sol-gels are very low-density, silica-based matrices suitable for immobilizing chemic compounds such as the ruthenium compound utilise in this measurement technique. Effectively, the sol-gel is equivalent to the membrane in a conventional DO sensor. Using fiber optics, light from a light-emitting diode is transferred to the backside of the sol-gel coating. The emitted fluorescence is collected from the backside of the sol-gel with another optical fiber and its gaudiness is detected by photodiode. A simplified sensor design is shown in Figure 8.43g.If no oxygen is present, the intensity of the emitted light will be at its maximum value. If oxygen is present, the fluorescence will be quenched, and the emitted intensity will decrease.Twinkler TitrationThe Winkler Method is a technique used to measure dissolved oxygen in fresh water systems. Dissolved oxygen is use d as an indicator of the health of a water body, where high dissolved oxygen concentrations are correlated with high productivity and little pollution.Temperature EffectsPressure EffectsSalinity EffectsBiochemical Oxygen Demand ( variant)Biological Oxygen Demand ( public figure) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will similarly be a lot of bacteriapresent working to decompose this waste. In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the class level will be high. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, digit levels will begin to decline.Biochemical oxygen demand ( body-build) is a measure for the quantity of oxygen required for the biodegradation of organic matter (carbonaceous demand) in water.It can also indicate the amount of oxygen used to oxidise reduced forms of nitrogen (nitrogenous demand), unless their oxidati on is prevented by an inhibitor. A examen is used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed by these organisms during a specified period of time (usually 5 days at 20 C).Classification chassis is devided in two parts which is Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand and the Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand.Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing carbohydrate material.Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing nitrogenous materials.Relationship of DO and BODIf the Dissolve Oxygen (DO) of a water is high, the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)is low. If the BOD of the water is hight, the DO is low.Therefore DO and BOD is inversely Proportional to each other.Why we should need to know BOD?BOD directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in rivers and streams. The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is scummy in the stream. This means less oxygen is available to high forms of a quatic life. The consequences of high BOD are the same as those for low dissolved oxygen aquatic organisms become stressed, suffocate, and die.Knowledge of oxygen utilisation of a polluted water supply is important because1. It is the measure of the pollution load, relative to oxygen utilization by other life in the water 2. It is the means for predicting progress of aerobic decomposition and the amount of self-purification taking place 3. It is the measure of the oxygen demand load removal efficiency by different treatment process.Factors that contributes to variations in BODThe SeedIs the bacterial culture that affects the oxidation of materials in the sample. If the biological seminal fluid is not acclimated to the particular wastewater, erroneous results are frequently obtained.pHThe BOD results are also greatly affected by the pH of the sample, especially if it is inflict than 6.5 or higher than 8.3. In order to achieve uniform conditions, the sample should be buffered to a pH of about 7.Temperature commonplace footrace condition calls for a temperature of 20 C (68 F). field tests often require operation at other temperatures and, consequently, the results tend to vary unless temperature corrections are applied.ToxicityThe presence of poisonous materials may result increase in the BOD value as a specific sample is dilluted for the BOD test.Consistent value may be obtained either by removing the toxic materials from the sample or By developing a seed that is compatible with the toxic material in the sample.Incubation TimeThe usual standard lab test incubation time is 5 days, results may occur at a flat part or occur at a steeply rising portion.Depending on the type of seed and the type of oxidable material, divergent result can be expected.NitrificationIn the usual course BOD test, the oxygen consumption rises steeply at the beginning of the test owing to attack on carbohydrate materials. Another sharp increase in oxygen utilization occurs sometime du ring 10th to 15th day in those samples containing nitrogenous materials.How we determine or measure BOD?Five-Day BOD ProcedureThe BOD test takes 5 days to complete and is performed using a dissolved oxygen test kit. The BOD level is determined by comparing the DO level of a water sample taken immediately with the DO level of a water sample that has been incubated in a dark location for 5 days. The difference between the two DO levels represents the amount of oxygen required for the decomposition of any organic material in the sample and is a good approximation of the BOD level.Test influences1. Take 2 samples of water2. Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately using the method described in the dissolved oxygen test. 3. Place the second water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20oC for 5days. If you dont have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20 C or 68 F). 4. After 5 d ays, take another dissolved oxygen reading (ppm) using the dissolved oxygen test kit. 5. Subtract the Day 5 reading from the Day 1 reading to determine the BOD level. Record your final BOD result in ppm. visorGenerally, when BOD levels are high, there is a decline in DO levels. This is because the demand for oxygen by the bacteria is high and they are taking that oxygen from the oxygen dissolved in the water. If there is no organic waste present in the water, there wont be as many bacteria present to decompose it and thus the BOD will tend to be lower and the DO level will tend to be higher. At high BOD levels, organisms such as macroinvertebrates that are more tolerant of lower dissolved oxygen may appear and become numerous. Organisms that need higher oxygen levels) will NOT survive.Extended BOD TestContinuation of BOD test beyond 5 days shows a continuing oxygen demand, with a sharp increase in BOD rate at the 10th day owing to nitrification. The latter process involves biologica l attack on nitrogenous organic material accompanied by an increase in BOD rate. The oxygen demand continues at a uniform rate for an drawn-out time.Manometric BOD TestIn the manometric procedure, the seeded sample is confined in a closed system that includes an appreciable amount of air . As the oxygen in the water is depleted, it is replenish by the gas phase. A potassium hydroxide (KOH) absorber within the system removes any gaseous carbon dioxide generated by bacterial action. The oxygen removed from the air phase results in a drop in pressure that is that is removed with a manometer. This fall is then related to the BOD of the sample.Electrolysis System for BODThe measuring principle for all electrolytic respirometers is quite similar. As micro-organisms respire they use oxygen converting the organic carbon in the resolving to CO2 gas, which is absorbed to alkali. This causes a reduction in the gas pressure, which can be sensed with various sensors or membranes. A small curre nt is created in electrolysis cell and this generates oxidation/reduction reactions in the electrolysis cell and oxygen is formed at the anode.Electrolysis of water can supply oxygen to a closed system as incubation proceeds . At constant current, the time during which electrolysis generates the oxygen to keep the system pressure constant is a direct measure of the oxygen demand. The amount of oxygen produced by the electrolysis correlates with the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria.Chemical Oxygen Demand ( put one across)Is the standard method for indirect measurements of the amount of pollution in a sample of water that cannot be oxidized biologically. Is based on the chemical decomposition of organic and inorganic contaminants, dissolved or suspended in water.Why Measure Chemical Oxygen Demand?It is often calculated as a rapid indicator for organic pollutant in water. Normally measured in both(prenominal) municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and gives an indi cation of the efficiency of the treatment process. It is measured on both influent and effluent water.Standard Dichromate COD ProcedureA sample is heated to its boiling point with known amounts of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. The loss of water is minimize by the reflux condenser.After 2 h, the solution is cooled, and the amount of dichromate that reacted with oxidizable material in the water sample is determined by titrating the dissipation potassium dichromate with ferrous sulfate. Dichromate consumed is calculated as to oxygen equivalent for the sample and stated as milligrams of oxygen per liter of sample (ml/l).Factors preventing the harmoniousness of BOD values to COD values Many organic materials are oxidizable by dichromate but not biochemically oxidizable, and vice versa. For example, pyridine, benzene, and ammonia water are not attacked by the dichromate procedure. A number of inorganic substances such as sulfide, sulfites, thiosulfates, nitrites, and ferrous ir on are oxidized by dichromate, creating an inorganic COD that is misleading when estimating the organic content of wastewater. Although the factor of seed acclimation will give erroneously low results on the BOD tests, COD results are not dependent on acclimation.Chlorides interfere with the COD analysis, and their effect must be minimized in order to obtain consistent results. The standard procedure provides for only a limited amount of chlorides in the sample. This is usually accomplished by diluting the sample to achieve a lower chloride concentration and interference. This can be a problem for low CODconcentration samples, as the dilution may dilute the COD concentration below the detection level or to levels at which accuracy and repeatability are poor.COD DetectorThe term COD usually refers to the laboratory dichromate oxidation procedure, although it has also been applied to other procedures that differ greatly from the dichromate method but which do involve chemical reaction . These methods have been embodied in instruments both for manual operation in the laboratory and for impulsive operation online. They have the distinct advantage of reducing analysis time from days (5-day BOD) and hours (dichromate, respirometer) to minutes.Automatic On-Line DesignsTakes a 5 cc sample from the menstruum process stream.Injects it into the reflux chamber after mixing it together with dilution water (if any) agents. One ozone-based scheme enriches dilution water with and with two reagents dichromate solution and sulfuric acid. The reagents also contain an oxidation gas pedal (silver sulfate) and a chemical that complexes chlorides in the solution (mercuric sulfate). The mixture is boiled at 302F (150C) by the heater.Vapors are condensed by the cooling water in the reflux condenser. During which the dichromate ions are reduced to trivalent chromic ions, as the oxygen demanding organics are oxidized in the sample. The chromic ions give the solution a green color. The COD concentration is measured by detecting the amount of dichromate converted to chromic ions by measuring the intensity of the green color through a fiber-optic detector. The microprocessor-controlled package is available with automatic zeroing, calibration, and flushing features.Sampling and handed-down ParameterParameterLimit ValueSamplingpH, Standard Units6.0 9.0Traditional ParametersBiological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 30 ppmChemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 200 ppmCOD has a large value than BOD because BOD measurement is based only in decomposition of organic matter while COD measures the decomposition of both organic and Inorganic compound.Sources of ErrorCause of using nonhomogeneous sample is the largest error.Use of volumetric flasks and volumetric pipettes with a large bore. Oxidizing agent must be precisely measured.Make sure that the vials are clean and unaffectionate of air bubbles.Always read the bottom of the meniscus at eye level.Total Oxygen Demand (TOD)The quantitative m easurement of the amount of oxygen used to burn the impurities in a liquid sample. Thus, it is a direct measure of the oxygen demand of the sample. Measurement is by continuous analysis of the concentration of oxygen in a combustion process gas effluent. A quantitative measurement of all oxidizable material in a sample water or wastewater as determined instrumentally by measuring the depletion of oxygen after high-temperature combustion. BOD and COD have long time cycles. COD use corrosive reagents with the inherent problem of disposal. Analysis is faster, approximately 3 min, and uses no liquid reagents in its analysis. Can be correlated to both COD and BOD. untouched by the presence of inorganic carbon.Also indicate noncarbonaceous materials that consume or contribute oxygen Since the actual measurement is oxygen consumption. Reflects the oxidation state of the chemical compound.TOD AnalyzerThe oxidizable components in a liquid sample introduce into the combustion tube are convert ed to their stable oxides by a reaction that disturbs the oxygen equilibrium in the carrier gas steam. The momentary depletion in the oxygen concentration in the carrier gas is detected by an oxygen detector and recorded as a negative oxygen gush.Sample ValvesSliding PlateUpon a signal from a cycle timer, the air actuator temporarily moves the valve to its sample fill position. At the same time, an air-operated actuator moves a 20-ul sample through the valve into the combustion tube. A stream of oxygen-enriched nitrogen carrier gas moves the pull of sample into the combustion tube.Rotary Sampling ValveA motor continuously rotates a sampling head, which contains a built-in sampling spray. For part of the time, the tip of the syringe is over a trough that contains the flowing sample. 2 or more cam ramps along the rotational path cause the syringe plunger to rise and fall, thus rinsing the sample chamber. Just before the syringe reaches the combustion tube, it picks up a 20-ul sampl e. As it rotates over the combustion tube, it discharges the sample.Oxygen DetectorsPlatinum-lead enkindle CellFuel Cell Generates a current in proportion to the oxygen content of the carrier gas passing through it. Before entering the cell, the gas is rub in a potassium hydroxide solution, both to remove acid gases and other harmful combustion products to humidify the gas. The oxygen cell and the scrubber are located in a temperature-controlled compartment. The fuel cell output is monitored and zeroed to provide a constant baseline. The output peaks are linearly proportionate to the reduced concentration of oxygen in the carrier gas as a result of the samples TOD. Yttrium-doped Zirconium Oxide Ceramic TubeCoated on both sides with a porous layer of platinum. It is maintained at an elevated temperature and also provides an output that represents the reduction in oxygen concentration in the carrier gas that is a result of the samples TOD. The operation of these oxygen detectors in volves the ionization of oxygen in both a sample and a known reference gas stream. When the sample and reference gas streams come in contact with the electrode surfaces, oxygen ionizes into O-2 ions.The oxygen ion concentrations in each stream is a function of the partial tone pressure of oxygen in the stream. The potential at each electrode will depend on the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas stream. The electrode with higher potential (higher oxygen concentration) will generate oxygen ions, whereas the electrode with lower potential (lower oxygen concentration) will convert oxygen ions to oxygen molecules. CalibrationAnalysis is by comparison of peak heights or areas to a standard calibration curve. To prepare this curve, known TOD concentrations of a primary standard (KHP) are ready in distilled and deionized water. Standard solutions are stable for several weeks at room temperature. Water solutions of other organic compounds can also be used as standards.Several analyses ca n be made at each calibration concentration, and the resulting data are recorded as parts per million (ppm) TOD vs. peak height or area.ApplicationsCorrelationMany regulatory agencies recognize as the basis for oxygen-depleting pollution control only BOD or COD (preferably BOD) measurements of pollution load, because they are concerned with the pollution load on receiving waters, which is related to lowering the DO due to bacterial activity. If other methods described are to be used to satisfy legal requirements of pollution load in effluents or to measure BOD removal, it is important to establish a correlation between the other methods and BOD or COD (preferably BOD).Salient Featuresa measurement of property of the sample, i.e. the amount of oxygen required for bacterial oxidation of bacterial food in the water, the BOD dependence of the oxygen demand on the nature of the food as well as on its quantity dependence of the oxygen demand on the nature and amount of the bacteriaAnother extensive study concluded the following(1) A reliable statistical correlation between BOD and COD of a wastewater and its corresponding TOD can frequently be achieved, particularly when the organic strength is high and the diversity in dissolved organic constituents is low. (2) The relationship is best described by a least squares regression with the degree of fit expressed by the correlation coefficient (3) The observed correspondence of COD-TOD was reveal than that of COD-BOD for the wastewaters. (4) The BOD-COD ratio of an untreated wastewater is indicative of the biological treatment possible with the particular wastewater. ComparisonCOMPARISONBODCODTODDefinitionThe oxygen required when a population of bacteria causes the oxidation reaction in a population of bacteria.The oxygen equivalent when the oxidation is carried out with a chemical oxidizing reagent such as potassium dichromate.The oxygen equivalent when oxidation is caused by heating the sample in a furnace in the pres ence of a catalyst and oxygen.AnalyzerUtilize bacteria to oxidize the pollutantsMeasured through chemical oxidation and catalytic combustion techniquesOxidize the sample in a catalyzed thermal combustion process and detect both the organic and inorganic impurities in a sampleResponse-Range5 days 30 mg/L2 hours 250-500 ppm3 minutes 100-100,000 mg/LInaccuracy-Cost3 20% / $500 $20,0002 10% / $8,00 $20,0002 5% / $5,000 $20,000